Differences in selection drive olfactory receptor genes in different directions in dogs and wolf

Rui Chen1,2, David M Irwin1,3 and Ya-Ping Zhang1,4

The olfactory receptor (OR) gene family is the largest gene family found in mammalian genomes. The OR gene family is known to evolve through a birth-and-death process. Here we characterized the sequences of 16 segregating OR pseudogenes in samples of the wolf and the Chinese village dog (CVD), and compared them with the sequences from dogs of different breeds. Our results show that the segregating OR pseudogenes in breed dogs are under strong purifying selection, while evolving neutrally in the CVD, and show a more complicated pattern in the wolf. In the wolf we found a trend to remove deleterious polymorphisms and accumulate non-deleterious polymorphisms. Based on the protein structure of the ORs, we found that the distribution of different types of polymorphisms (synonymous, nonsynonymous, tolerated and untolerated) varied greatly between the wolf and the breed dogs. In summary, our results suggest that different forms of selection have acted on the segregating OR pseudogenes in the CVD since domestication, breed dogs after breed formation, and in the ancestral wolf population, that has driven the evolution of these genes in different directions.

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